"Many Englishmen honestly consider themselves the trustees for India and yet to what a condition they have reduced our country."

This statement shows that the Britishers have exploited India economically for the benefit of Britain. The rule of British has reduced Indian economic condition to a worse situation. The theory of 'whiteman's burden', if critically analysed led to nothing, but turmoil and further problems in the native society. It may be that some benefits may have occurred due to west's achievement in science & technology but overall these were more oriented towards Britain's advantage.
Above said statement is very similar to 'Drain of wealth' theory of Dada Bhai Naoroji. As for the idea of trusteeship, there could be sited many examples of benevolent Englishmen. However these were of the nature of paternalistic despotism, and not a matter of equality and rights. Nehru took the side of peasants and found the trusteeship idea impractical for the solutions to plight of the peasants and labour, and denounced Gandhi's pet idea for 'trusteeship'.
Gandhi believed in trusteeship theory. According to that theory, British government was trustee of people of India and so it should government India in such a way as may result in most beneficial to India. But this theory was proved wrong as it could clearly be seen that Britishers have not acted in good faith for India's benefit.

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Objectives of the Indian National Movement & Its Basic Weaknesses. Discuss!

Indian national movement (INM) dominated mainly by the moderate leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, W.C. Banerji, S.N. Banerji, G.K. Gokhale, D.E. wacha, Firozshah Mehta etc. during the period up to 1905. They staunchly believed in liberalism and moderate politics and thus known as mode rates. Main objectives of the INM up to 1905 were as follows.
Within limits of law and constitutional methods protest against colonialism.
Develop and propagate an anti colonial nationalist ideology.
Carefully promote and nurture the feelings of Indian Nationhood.
Though resolutions, petitions, meetings present public demand to the government.
Build up public opinion, politicize and politically educate people.
Time was not ripe to directly challenge the British rule at that period of time, they believed. The moderates believed that the British wanted to be basically just to the Indians but were not aware of the real conditions. Moderates were able to create a wide national awakening of all Indians and above all, the feeling of belongingness to one nation.
However during this period INM has some weaknesses also the moderate phase of the INM had a narrow social base and the masses played a passive role. The moderates has no proper faith in the mass-movement they could not popularize the ideas to the bottom. Their aim was just to transform the conditional rule to national rule. Moderates confined their movement only to the educational class and a majority of illiterate Indians were not able to participate in this methodology. Inspire of these weaknesses they were the true pioneer in INM and of national spirit and they bring unity and political awareness in INM.

Why did Jinnah reject the C. R. Formula?

Mr. C. Rajgopalachari had evolved a formula with full approval of Gandhiji for Congress-Muslim League co-operation on the basis of Pakistan in March 1944.
It had provisions like the League would endorse the demand for independence and cooperate with congress in forming a provisional government for the transitional period. Whether or not they should from a separate state, a plebicite of all the inhabi-tants in the muslim majority areas in the North-west and North-East would decide at the end of the war.
Agreements would be made for Defence, Communication and other essential matters in the event of separation. Only if England transferred full powers to India, the above terms could be operative. But due to objections of Jinnah the talk failed. He called this formula a plan to cut organs of Pakistan. He regarded if a proposal to confine muslims in their homes.
Mr. Jinnah was contending that the Muslims of India as a separate nation had the right of self determination and muslims alone had the right to vote for partition and not the whole population of the disputed area. Thus, he denied the rights of non-muslims. Jinnah wanted congress to accept the two nation theory. He opined that partition should be adopted even though England does not transfer full powers to India. He also accepted the common centre for India and Pakistan. Jinnah rejected the C.R. formula, for all these reasons.
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More about: C. R. Formula
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Bring out the ideological basis of the Moderate – Extremist divide in the Indian National Congress.

During the first phase of the freedom struggle (1885-1905) the congress programmed was very moderate. The moderates strongly believed in the essential sense of justice and the goodness of the British nation and followed the policy of gradualism and constitutionalism. Thus they followed the 3 Ps Policies of prayer, petition and protest. It demanded mild constitutional reforms, economic relief, administrative reorganization and protection of civil rights.
Other demands include the organisation of the provincial councils, simultaneous holding of examinations for the ICS in India and England. However the leaders were cautious in their demands. They didn’t want to annoy govt. and incur the risk of suppression.
During this period, a general impression grew that the moderates were political mendicants only. And against it a sepate viewpoint was gradually been growing though invisibly. The gap between the masses and the anglicized leaders was bridged by the leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurbindo Ghosh, B.G. Tilak etc. who took inspiration from traditional cultural values and were ardent nationalists who wanted to have relations with other countries in terms of equality and self respect. The basic cause of rise of extremism was recognition of true exploitative nature of British rule in India.
Dissatisfaction with achievements of the congress under moderate leadership. Contemporary international influences, nationalist movement in Egypt, Turkey, Persia and Russia, Japan’s victory over Russia were source of new hopes and new aspirations.

Know more about: Indian National Congress
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress
Know More about: Indian Independence Movement ( Rise of Indian nationalism (1885–1905 )
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement#Rise_of_Indian_nationalism_.281885.E2.80.931905.29

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Problems that impeded the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union. How were these problems tackled? Discuss!

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel took the charge of states department in July 1947, and tackled this problem of integration of the states with great ability with V.P. menon on. Rulers of all the 652 states with exception of Junagarh, Kashmir and Hyderabad had signed the instrument of Accession by 15 August, 1947. Under the pressure of the popular states people’s movement and guided by the masterful diplomacy of Patel.
Junagarh’s Nawab wanted to join Pakistan but people wanted to join Indian dominion. People’s movement pressurized Nawab and Indian Army help resulted in its merger with Indian dominion. The Nizam of Hyderabad made an attempt to claim an independent state but was include in India by Sardar Patel by bail and threats.
The Maharaja of Kashmir also delayed accession to India Pakistan even though the popular forces led by the Nation conference wanted accession to India. In 1947, after Pathans and irregular armed forces of Pakistan invaded Kashmir. Raja Harisingh of Kashmir signed instrument of accession to get help of Indian army against this threat. Thus Kashmir incorporated by India. By incorporation of Kashmir, all states had merged with India and their integration was also completed by November, 1948.

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Evaluate the contribution of revolutionary terrorism represented by Bhagat Singh to the cause of India's struggle for independence.

To get rid of the British rulers and to end exploitation Bhagat Singh was one of the youth who opted for a violent way. He led such type of revolutionists. Under Bhagat Singh's leadership in 1928 the freedom fighters established the Hindustan Republican Association. Furthermore, revolutionary activities were also undertaken under Bhagat Singh's leadership. Among them Saunder's murder and assembly bombing incident were the main. The revolutionists created a lots of hurdles for the British Government. They undertook revolutionary activities like robberies, killing of unpopular officials.
They believed in sacrifice for the cause of nation. Bhagat Singh produced the example of sacrifice for Purna Swaraj which has always been an encouragement for all Indians. Their way, especially that of the group led by Bhagat Singh created a new wave of national spirit among people when there was an environment of soothing struggle. Youth as well as other ages were inspired by his heroic acts.
He did not only created an unvisioned violence but he was really a visionary of exploitationless world order. His ideas and act inspired people as well as leaders. On the eve of his execution, even British officials like Lord Irwin was afraid that nation may rose in a huge protest. Even Ghandhiji was given an insulting welcome on his way to Karachi by showing black flags. This was a person who not only created violence but also violated the belief of British rule that they will be able to rule India easily.
Bhaghat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism but because he seemed to vindicate, for the moment, the honour of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation. He became a symbol, the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months each town and village of the Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resounded with his name. Innumerable songs grew about him and the popularity that the man achieved was something amazing.

Source: Wikipedia.org

Discuss the emergence of social classes in British India

The emergence of social classes in British India  was the direct consequence of the establishment according to following point.
•New Social Economy√
•New State System√
•Administrative Machinery√
•Western Education√
There were many princely states in India, when British came to India. India was not a unitary state. Some states were rich, some were not. Indian had divided into many social, economic classes, and they were not developed. Earlier it was divided on the basis of caste.

The western education introduced by British helped Indian middle class to get English education. Because of modern education. Which introduced English language helped India unite. English education divided India in two groups, one loyal to English and other not loyal to British. By this education a new middle class. English educated social group came into existence, which were not loyal to British. They prepared a platform for the national movement. This class used the English education to create a wariness among Indians. On the other hand, a high class English educated group was loyal to British. They joined either British services or were directly related to the ruling system. Similarly, Zamindars and princes were loyal to British.
British introduced a new system of administration in India. They introduced a Rule of law in the territories. Modern judiciary came up. It emphasis for decentralized type of government. A natural corollary to the principle of equality before the law was introduced. This certainly was novel feature in a caste- ridden society. Equality before law of the new judicial system wiped out earlier differences of Indian society.
British introduce many social reform measures like Abolition of sati in 1829, widow remarriage Act 1856, etc. creates infrastructe like introducing Railways in India. These helped industries to get access to the market and also the raw material centers.
Economical changes also dragged people from their old traditional village professions to urban industrial labouring. Apart from high and middle class another class was of the people who were exploited by British or even Indians. They did not get the benefits of the British policy and were exploited by the Zamindars . So, it can be said that British new education system, economic development, the administrative reforms and social policy changes created a class society.